At age 6 months, start feeding your baby iron-fortified cereals. At this age, the iron stored in your baby's body during your pregnancy is about used up. The following are the recommendations by age:. Babies from birth to age 6 months should get 0. Breastfeeding moms should talk to their baby's health care providers about iron supplements beginning at age 4 months if they take iron supplements during this time.
Babies ages 7 months to 12 months should get much more — 11 milligrams a day. Too much iron is harmful. This isn't a risk with iron from foods, though. It can be a serious problem for babies and toddlers who take too much iron from supplements. Jump to content. Infant formula is a nutritional product that is made from processed cow's milk or soybean products. Special processing makes cow's-milk formula more digestible and less likely to cause an allergic reaction than regular cow's milk.
Vitamins and minerals are added to infant formula. Formula can be used to provide all of a baby's nutritional needs before the age of 4 to 6 months. Commercial formulas are made to be as similar to breast milk as possible. In very rare cases, powder formulas may contain some bacteria that could make a baby sick. The safety and nutrient content of infant formula is regulated by the U.
About half the calories in formula come from vegetable oils or a mixture of vegetable and animal fats. A baby's body requires fat for the production and growth of new cells and for high energy needs. Milk sugar lactose is the main source of carbohydrate in most cow's-milk formula, just as in breast milk. Babies need iron in addition to other vitamins and minerals.
The iron in human milk is much more easily absorbed by infants than the iron in cow's milk. But even breastfed babies need iron added to their diet.
Formula-fed babies can become iron-deficient if iron-fortified formulas are not used. Iron deficiency may cause severe complications in babies, such as weakness, abnormal digestion, and permanently reduced learning abilities. In the United States, a formula with an iron concentration of 6. And the label must say that. Some caregivers may be hesitant to feed an infant iron-fortified formula because of concern about side effects, such as gas or constipation. But these concerns have not been proved by research, and low-iron formulas are not recommended as a remedy for such symptoms.
Although low-iron formulas are available, they should only be used in extremely rare situations on the advice of your doctor. Other types of formulas are available for babies who have trouble digesting cow's-milk formulas.
These are for babies who are at high risk of allergies or with a cow's milk allergy. Talk to your doctor before giving your baby one of these formulas. Do not use homemade formulas, such as those that use evaporated milk. Iron deficiency was widespread in Chile at the time, and results might not be the same in settings where maternal iron deficiency during pregnancy and iron deficiency in infancy are less widespread. Furthermore, many infants had been fed breast milk and unmodified cow milk before 6 months, but mixed feeding with infant formula, as in North America, Europe, and other areas, might have different effects.
Our study cannot determine whether iron in different forms has different effects because both formulas contained iron as ferrous sulfate. A major study limitation is the small number of children with hemoglobin levels at the extreme high end, with comparisons involving only 11 to 13 children per formula group.
Furthermore, there are cautions about subgroup analyses of RCTs, 35 even if cell size is not a problem. Other limitations are that hemoglobin level was the only iron measure for all infants before randomization, and randomization was not stratified by iron status. We have no data on maternal smoking at 10 years or smoking habits of other household members at any point; exposure could affect long-term outcome. If our results are replicated, there might be several implications.
The recommendations of universal iron supplementation might need reconsideration. In any case, the optimal level of iron in infant formula warrants further study to avoid giving more iron than infants need.
In conclusion, this study indicates poorer long-term developmental outcome in infants with high hemoglobin concentrations who received formula fortified with iron at levels currently used in the United States. Most infants showed no developmental effects of iron-fortified formula, and those with low hemoglobin levels in infancy had higher year test scores if they received iron-fortified formula. Published Online: November 7, Author Contributions: Study concept and design : Lozoff and Castillo.
Acquisition of data : Castillo. Analysis and interpretation of data : Lozoff, Clark, and Smith. Drafting of the manuscript : Lozoff, Clark, and Smith. Critical revision of the manuscript for important intellectual content : Lozoff, Castillo, Clark, and Smith.
Statistical analysis : Smith. Obtained funding : Lozoff. Administrative, technical, and material support : Lozoff, Castillo, and Clark. Study supervision : Lozoff and Castillo. Role of the Sponsor: The National Institutes of Health had no role in the design and conduct of the study; collection, management, analysis, and interpretation of the data; and preparation, review, or approval of the manuscript.
The content is solely the responsibility of the authors and does not necessarily represent the official views of the National Institutes of Health. Go to here to download teaching PowerPoint slides. Additional Contributions: We thank the study families and children for their continued participation and project psychologists for their dedicated effort and high degree of professionalism. Infant formulas Similac were donated by Ross Laboratories.
Conflicts of interest comprise financial interests, activities, and relationships within the past 3 years including but not limited to employment, affiliation, grants or funding, consultancies, honoraria or payment, speaker's bureaus, stock ownership or options, expert testimony, royalties, donation of medical equipment, or patents planned, pending, or issued. If you have no conflicts of interest, check "No potential conflicts of interest" in the box below.
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Save Preferences. Privacy Policy Terms of Use. Twitter Facebook. This Issue. Views 19, Citations Comments 1. View Metrics. Clark, MA ; et al Julia B. Smith, EdD. Journal Club Slides. Summary of infancy rct.
View Large Download. Iron Status. Developmental Outcomes. Statistical analysis. Sample at 10 years. Table 1. Sample Characteristics a. Table 2. Outcomes depending on 6-month hemoglobin level and formula group. Table 3. Factors related to high 6-month hemoglobin level. Back to top Article Information. Financial Disclosure: None reported. Committee on Nutrition.
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Am J Clin Nutr. Linear and ponderal growth trajectories in well-nourished, iron-sufficient infants are unimpaired by iron supplementation. J Nutr. Prevention of iron-deficiency anemia: comparison of high- and low-iron formulas in term healthy infants after six months of life. J Pediatr. Behavioral and developmental effects of preventing iron-deficiency anemia in healthy full-term infants.
Evidence of altered central nervous system development in infants with iron deficiency anemia at 6 mo: delayed maturation of auditory brainstem responses.
Twenty-four-hour motor activity in human infants with and without iron deficiency anemia. Early Hum Dev. Spontaneous motor activity in human infants with iron-deficiency anemia. Iron-deficiency anemia is associated with altered characteristics of sleep spindles in NREM sleep in infancy.
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