Should you measure out your reproductive effort over many seasons, or save it all up for a one-time mating frenzy as soon as you're able? Such a species puts only a small investment of resources into each offspring, but produces many such low effort babies.
Such species are also generally not very invested in protecting or rearing these young. Often, the eggs are fertilized and then dispersed. The benefit of this strategy is that if resources are limited or unpredictable, you can still produce some young.
However, each of these young has a high probability of mortality, and does not benefit from the protection or nurturing of a caring parent or parents. Although not always the case, r-selection is more common among smaller animals with shorter lifespans and, frequently, non-overlapping generations, such as fish or insects.
The young tend to be precocial rapidly maturing and develop early independence. K-selection : On the other extreme are species that are highly K-selected. K refers to the carrying capacity, and means that the babies are entering a competitive world, in a population at or near its carrying capacity.
K-selected reproductive strategies tend towards heavy investment in each offspring, are more common in long-lived organisms, with a longer period of maturation to adulthood, heavy parental care and nurturing, often a period of teaching the young, and with fierce protection of the babies by the parents. K-selected species produce offspring that each have a higher probability of survival to maturity.
Although not always the case, K-selection is more common in larger animals, like whales or elephants, with longer lifespans and overlapping generations. The young tend to be altricial immature, requiring extensive care. You can see r- and K-selected strategies clearly by looking at different organisms within a phylogenetic group, such as the mammals. Measure ad performance. Select basic ads. Create a personalised ads profile.
Select personalised ads. Apply market research to generate audience insights. Measure content performance. Develop and improve products. List of Partners vendors. Small business employers have a variety of choices if they want to offer a tax-advantaged retirement plan. It is important to think about them carefully and review the options with financial and tax advisors. They sound similar, but there are important differences between them that employers need to review. These plans share many similarities, but they also have differences that could provide enough reason to choose one type of SIMPLE plan over the other.
Exceptions are allowed for employees covered under a collective bargaining agreement, and plans that cover these employees are disregarded for this purpose.
Employers cannot maintain any other retirement plan for employees who are eligible to participate in the SIMPLE k. However, the employer can choose to maintain a second retirement plan to cover those employees who are not eligible to participate in the SIMPLE k plan.
No non-discrimination testing is required for either plan, and both plans are subject to the day annual notification requirement. The deadline to establish either plan is from January 1 to October of the year. This deadline allows employees to make salary-deferral contributions before year-end.
To be eligible to participate in the SIMPLE k plan, employees may be required to perform service for at least one year and reach the age of For employees who need to tap into their retirement assets when they are ineligible to receive distributions from the plan, loans can be an attractive plan feature. Both plans permit the same type of contributions.
Employees may make salary-deferral contributions, while employers may choose to make matching contributions to employees who make salary-deferral or non-elective contributions.
For the matching contributions, employers must contribute dollar for dollar up to 3 percent of the employee's compensation. In the videos, they discuss not just what they bought but also why, and how they plan to mix their new items with the rest of their wardrobe.
This takes the complicated world of teen clothing and accessories—a world fraught with danger from shifting trends and overwhelming choice—and simplifies it, by showcasing fashionable peers who offer trustworthy guidance.
Penney and American Eagle have capitalized on the phenomenon by hosting unbiased haulers on their sites and in their digital communications. Neither retailer requires that the haulers show only brands purchased at its store, and the haulers are transparent about their links to the companies Penney, for instance, gives its star haulers gift cards. Information about the adviser also helps build trust. A selected group of Disney World veteran moms answer questions from consumers who are planning Disney vacations.
She got perfectly tailored advice from Jackie S. With 25 Disney World trips under her belt, Jackie has the experience to make her information credible. Consumers can get a further sense of her reliability by reviewing her profile on the Disney World website and reading about her family, her hometown, and even how she met her husband. The lesson for marketers: Build cadres of trustworthy advisers rather than simply developing recommenders who will push the brand.
Then aggregate their advice and make it easy for consumers to discover and use it, as J. Penney—whose haul videos get hundreds of thousands of views—so successfully does.
To help consumers evaluate choices, most brands describe their differentiating features and benefits. Some go a step further, offering buying guides containing side-by-side brand or product comparisons. For example, a bank might compile a catalog of its checking account options that lists the features of each one.
Brands need to take a different tack. Except in cases of low-value products, consumers increasingly expend most of their effort learning about and weighing their choices. Instead, marketers need to provide tools that allow customers to identify and weigh the features that are most relevant to them. However, many brands have made the weighing process harder by introducing a dizzying array of SKUs. Buying guides of this sort make the mistake of appearing to offer guidance while actually complicating the decision process.
Marketers, especially those with an abundance of SKUs, need to help customers control the weighing process. Herbal Essences does a good job with an online decision guide to its shampoos. One-click questions about hair type, length, and texture straight, short, fine, thick and other needs color treatment, volume allow the visitor to rapidly sort through more than three dozen offerings to find the ideal one.
Many brands lead consumers down confusing purchase paths. The savviest ones simplify and personalize the route. Consumers are likely to feel confident about recommendations that are based on their own purchasing data or other past behavior, because those things are typically accurate gauges of preference.
In each case, the company eliminates much if not all of the hassle of weighing choices by providing a likely best choice at the outset. No company that we know of has fully integrated the three components of a decision-simplicity strategy—but Intuit is among those out in front. Consider its software product TurboTax. Tax prep is complex, and consumers have a range of options, from accountants to software programs to pencil and paper. TurboTax created a customer forum, called TurboTax Live Community, where visitors can ask product, tax, and support questions and share information.
It contains a database of answers provided by customers and experts. To ensure relevance, an algorithm serves up the five most common answers to a given question. For example, a user on the mortgage-deductions screen will find answers to questions about deduction limits and how to calculate deductions for the purchase of a house.
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